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Operations
1. What is the minimum visibility distance required for anti-collision lighting when operating a small unmanned aircraft at night under Part 107?
Why: Part 107 requires anti-collision lighting visible for at least 3 statute miles that has a flash rate sufficient to avoid a collision (14 CFR 107.29). One and two statute miles do not meet that minimum.
2. Before a Part 107 flight with a visual observer, what must the remote pilot in command do?
Why: Section 107.49 requires the remote pilot in command, before flight, to ensure that all persons directly participating in the operation are informed about the operating conditions, emergency procedures, contingency procedures, roles and responsibilities, and potential hazards. That means every direct participant, not only the visual observer and the person on the controls, and no written record of the briefing is required.
3. Which statement best describes the IMSAFE checklist in the context of Part 107 operations?
Why: IMSAFE is a guidance tool, not a regulation. It is a personal checklist a pilot uses before flight to evaluate whether any of those six factors might interfere with safe operation. It is not filed with the FAA and is not a training module. The underlying regulatory requirement is that no person may act as remote PIC, person manipulating the controls, visual observer, or direct participant when they know or have reason to know of a physical or mental condition that would interfere with safe operation, but IMSAFE itself is the practical method for making that self-assessment.
4. The IMSAFE mnemonic used by remote pilots to evaluate personal fitness for flight stands for:
Why: The IMSAFE checklist covers Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, and Emotion (some FAA publications also include Eating). The 'sleep' option is wrong because IMSAFE addresses fatigue as a broad condition, not specifically sleep deprivation as a separate item. The 'injuries' option is wrong because the mnemonic uses 'Illness,' which encompasses both acute and chronic health conditions but is the specific word in the acronym.
5. A remote pilot-in-command has assigned a visual observer to monitor the aircraft and a separate person to manipulate the controls. During the operation, an unexpected hazard appears near the flight path. Under crew resource management principles, who is ultimately responsible for deciding how to respond?
Why: The remote pilot-in-command retains final authority and responsibility for the entire operation at all times. Delegating a task (manipulating the controls, visual monitoring) to a crew member does not delegate the authority to make the final decision. The person-manipulating-the-controls option is wrong because having direct control of the flight inputs does not confer final operational authority. The visual-observer option is wrong because identifying a hazard does not transfer decision-making authority; the visual observer's role is to provide information, and the remote pilot-in-command must use that information in making the final call.
6. A remote pilot takes a new over-the-counter medication for the first time on the morning of a planned flight and notices no immediate side effects. According to FAA fitness-to-fly guidance, what is the best action?
Why: Under 14 CFR 107.17, a person may not act as remote pilot in command, manipulate the controls, serve as a visual observer, or directly participate in the operation if they know or have reason to know of a physical or mental condition that would interfere with safe operation. FAA guidance on over-the-counter medications adds a specific precaution: after the first dose of a new medication, wait at least 48 hours and confirm that no side effects occur before flight duties. Feeling fine shortly after the first dose does not show the medication will not affect you, and the 8-hour rule applies to alcohol, not medication.
7. A remote pilot is experiencing significant personal stress but believes they can still concentrate on the flight. Under the fitness-to-fly standard, what is the correct approach?
Why: The standard is functional: a pilot must not act as remote PIC or in any other required role when they know or have reason to know of a condition that would interfere with safe operation. It is not an absolute prohibition on all stress (which would make the 'must not fly' option wrong), nor is it satisfied merely by a pilot's belief that they can concentrate (which makes the 'may fly' option wrong). The correct approach is to make a deliberate determination about whether the specific stress is likely to interfere with safe operation, and if it is, the pilot should not fly.
Why: A visual observer assists the remote pilot and the person manipulating the controls in seeing the aircraft and scanning for hazards. When used, the visual observer and other crew members must maintain effective communication and coordinate their observations. The remote pilot in command remains responsible for the operation; the visual observer does not have equal command authority. Monitoring battery status is not the defining role of a visual observer.
9. Before a routine night flight under Part 107, which requirement must the remote pilot in command meet?
Why: Under 14 CFR 107.29(a)(1), the remote pilot in command must have completed an initial knowledge test or training, as applicable, under 107.65 after April 6, 2021, and must remain current. For a new applicant who does not hold a Part 61 pilot certificate, that means the initial knowledge test, not a training course. The aircraft must also have anti-collision lighting visible for at least 3 statute miles with a flash rate sufficient to avoid a collision, which may be dimmed for safety but not extinguished. Night operations do not automatically require a visual observer, and since the 2021 rule change they no longer need a waiver when these requirements are met. Other operating and airspace requirements still apply.
10. A remote pilot is conducting an operation that requires a visual observer to help maintain visual line of sight. Mid-operation, the visual observer's communication device fails and they can no longer maintain effective communication with the remote pilot. What must the remote pilot do?
Why: Part 107 requires the remote PIC to ensure effective communication with any visual observer at all times during the operation. If that communication is lost, the remote PIC can no longer rely on that visual observer to help maintain visual line of sight, and the operation must be suspended until communication is restored or the need for that visual observer is eliminated. The 'present at the start' option is wrong because the requirement is continuous, not a one-time condition satisfied at the beginning. The 'onboard cameras' option is wrong because visual line of sight is defined by unaided human vision from the control station or a visual observer, not by the aircraft's own sensors.